Subtasks
The work in this Task is organized in four Subtasks:
- Subtask A: Quality procedure on component level
- Mario Motta, POLIMI, Italy
- Subtask B: Quality procedure on system level
- Alexander Morgenstern, Fraunhofer ISE, Germany
- Subtask C: Market support measures
- Stephen D. White, CSIRO, Australia
- Subtask D: Dissemination and policy advice
- Uli Jakob, Green Chiller Association, Germany
Each Subtask consists of several work packages with specific focus
and results. The Subtasks are described in more detail in the subsequent
sections.
Subtask A: Quality procedure on component level
Mario Motta, POLIMI, Italy
This subtask concentrates on developing tools and deliverables
permitting to show the level of quality of the most critical components
of the solar cooling and heating system. These components are mainly the
chiller, the heat rejection device, the pumps and the solar collectors.
The subtask is structured in the following sections:
A1: Chiller characterization
In this work, the characterization of the chillers (absorption and
adsorption) will be achieved in close cooperation with the ongoing work
achieved in IEA Annex 34 and IEA SHC Task 44 groups. This
characterisation will be based on both steady state and transient
performance. Several participants own testing facilities so this task
will be based mainly on laboratory measurements. The tests will be
carried out in conformity to a common testing protocol, according to
which aging effects could be also investigated. The tests conditions
will permit to characterise the chiller behaviour over the entire
operating range that is typical for solar cooling. In this way, the
quality level of the chillers will be assessed from the seasonal
performance point of view. In addition, the tests will permit to give
inputs for system design tools.
A2: Life cycle analysis at component level
In this activity, the LCA approach to Solar Cooling systems initiated
by IEA Task 38 will be further developed so as to give a ready to use
tool allowing to estimate during Subtask C for selected generic schemes
the energy and environmental overall impacts of the system. The creation
of the assemblies related to the plant components and materials,
supported by manufacturer's data and eventually by direct inspection and
monitoring of the industrial processes for the most relevant plant
components will be carried out. Provided that the construction of a
complete data base of life cycle inventories for components, activities
and materials is a difficult task, through the determination of the
impact factors parametric analysis in respect to the data accuracy,
solar fraction, recycling rate of basic materials and other relevant
variables will be carried out.
A3: Heat rejection
In this section an overview about existing and novel concepts for
heat rejection for solar cooling will be carried out. Recommendations
will be given about which heat rejection measure has to be employed
under different boundary conditions (climate, system concept etc.),
always tracking the 2 main objectives: investment & operation cost
minimization and re-cooling performance and efficiency. For good
selected components, if possible, an effort of performance
characterisation will be done in partnership with manufacturers.
A4: Pumps efficiency and adaptability
A state of the art analysis will be conducted on this component in
close cooperation with ongoing IEA-SHCP Tasks 44 and 45, where these
issues are tackled as well. From this starting point, an investigation
will be done on the best practices for electric consumption reduction
for pumping in the different hydraulic loops of a solar cooling system.
A particular focus will be addressed to the adaptability of the
technology to part load production conditions. Best practice will be
valorised always including the compromise between efficiency and
simplicity.
A5: Conventional solar collection
In this section a review of existing material on the solar loop
components (collector and supporting structures), in close cooperation
with the ongoing Task 45 SHCP-IEA will be worked out. The objective will
be to select the necessary information for the quality insurance tools
to develop in the other subtasks (e.g. design, etc.) and in particular:
collector mathematical models (e.g., TRNSYS), cost reduction potential
of different solutions (e.g., drainback technology, prefabricated and
easy to install supporting structures) and best practices.
A6: State of the art on new collector & characterization
An extensive market overview of existing concentrating collectors
will be conducted so as to create easy to consult database (like the
existing Solar Key mark one for non concentrating collectors). This
database will be periodically updated and extended with information
relating the certification process of such collectors. No standard is
existing at the moment but this situation should change during the Task
duration. This activity may as well try to assist the solar
concentrating industry to accelerate its certification recognition and
then the possibility to standardised performance characterisation.
Target market needs in technical and economical terms are provided. New
components and approaches, currently under development, will be included
into the survey and their possible role in the future market on solar
cooling and refrigeration will be assessed.
Effort
Estimated effort is 6 to 12 person-months per Participant (country)
and 12 person-months for the Subtask Leader for the specific work for
Subtask Leadership for the whole duration of the Task.
Deliverables
- D-A1: Technical report on the characterization
method(s) which are adopted and selected for chillers in
cooperation with other activities on the topic. The
deliverable will contain as well a database including
the ongoing characterisation values from existing and
tested chillers
- D-A2: Data base of life cycle inventories for
components for LCA method tool (see D-B2)
- D-A3: Technical report on heat rejection including
sections related to market available products census,
including costs, efficiency criteria ranking and
performance characterisation.
- D-A4: Technical report on best practices for pumping
systems: including both efficiency and adaptability in
solar cooling systems
- D-A5: Report on best practices on solar collection
components for quality, reliability and cost
effectiveness
- D-A6: State of the art of commercial product
database build up and periodic update (1 per year) for
concentrating solar collectors and including
certification process status
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Subtask B: Quality procedure on system level
Alexander
Morgenstern, Fraunhofer ISE, Germany
This subtask concentrates on developing tools and deliverables
permitting to show the level of quality of the solar cooling and heating
systems. In order to achieve this goal, a procedure has to be developed
extending the quality characteristics from a component level to a system
level. In a second step an extension of the procedure from single
stationary states to a performance prediction over a whole year need to
be developed. Thus subtask B is closely linked to subtask A and its
results.
The subtask is structured as follows:
B1: System/Subsystem characterization & field performance assessment
In this work, the characterization of the solar cooling systems will
be achieved in close cooperation with ongoing work achieved in IEA Annex
34 and IEA SHC Task 44 groups. This characterisation will be based on
the output of activity A1 and from other results obtained in
characterisation for the major components in Subtask A (pumps, heat
rejection, collector). This characterisation will be done for steady
state behaviour but as well transient behaviour. Several participants
own testing facilities so this task will be based on real measurement of
performances. The characterization on component level in subtask A will
be extended to whole systems in order to obtain procedures for
performance prediction based on standardised and generally accepted
conditions. The overall characterisation will be crucial to qualify the
quality level of the best practice systems on the performance point of
view. In addition, it will permit to give inputs for design tool
obtained in activity B4.
B2: Good practice for DEC design and installation
This activity is aimed at producing a technological survey and update
on the Best practice systems of Desiccant cooling systems. This
technology will not be the major focus in the ongoing Task concerning
the other activity so this work package should constitute a mean to keep
on an observatory eye on this specific technology evolution.
B3: Life cycle analysis at system level
This activity is strongly linked to the A2 activity (transversal
activity on LCA). A valorisation of the work done at component level in
A2 and creation of the system level database and tool will be the goal
of this work. Life cycle analysis on system level includes essential
information about energy performance of the whole system, thus this work
will be strongly linked to the results of the work in B1 and possibly
integrated into the reference calculation tool in B4.
B4: Simplified design tool used as a reference calculation tool :
design facilitator
The development of a software tool called design facilitator for the
fast pre-design will be based on the collection of existing
characterisation models and results of successful projects including
technical and non-technical (economics) issues. It will include
procedures of system and subsystem characterization developed in B1 as
well as the life cycle analysis of B3. It shall help to support planners
in the process of evaluation and feasibility studies of similar
projects.
B5: Quality procedure document/check lists
The previous experiences of IEA Task 38 as well as outputs of Subtask
A are summarized and updated in guidelines for design, installation,
commissioning, operation and maintenance. This document may be an input
to standardisation procedures for whole solar cooling systems.
This document will include dimensioning parameters and technical
hints. Practical output in this guideline will be useful advice for
calls for tenders and checklists for the technical design as a support
to architects and planners.
B6: Self detection on monitoring procedure
Starting from the statement of existing efficient system control
(overview achieved in former IEA Task 38), a second generation of
control system is developed which includes self detection of faults and
malfunctioning of the process based on a reduced monitoring. This new
powerful functionality will be a key component assuring long term good
reliability and performance of the system.
This activity will include beside an update of good practice on the
monitoring procedure point of view starting from the experience and
procedure developed during IEA SHC Task 38.
B7: Quantitative quality and cost competitiveness criteria for
systems
In this activity, a proposal for an appropriate evaluation procedure
for the technical and economical performance assessment of large systems
is set up and tested with real cases. It delivers the basis for a
comparable assessment of the installed plants independently of
installation site and the specific boundary conditions.
Beside, a reflexion will be carried out on minimum economical ratios
to estimate the competitiveness of solar cooling against concurrent
technologies
B8: Application for validation of preselected best practice examples
This work package is focused on the description and the assessment of
existing installations and demonstration projects with solar cooling
systems selected in activity C1 (transversal activity following C1). The
activities may consider variable applications and boundary conditions
implementing experimental and monitoring activities on the selected
systems, the composition of results and the assessment of the
facilities.
Effort
Estimated effort is 9 to 24 person-months per Participant (country)
and 15 person-months for the Subtask Leader for the specific work for
Subtask Leadership for the whole duration of the Task.
Deliverables
- D-B1: Report on system/subsystem characterization &
field performance assessment
- D-B2: Collection of good practice for DEC design and
installation,
- D-B3: LCA method tool (which should contain at the
same time a significant database adapted to the most
popular solar cooling system components and an user
friendly interface permitting to rapidly make an
assessment of the main LC criteria : energetic payback,
avoided CO2 potential)
- D-B4: Software tool for the fast pre-design and
performance estimation of best practice projects
- D-B5: Quality procedure document/check lists
guidelines,
- D-B6: Self detection on monitoring procedure
- D-B7: Collection of criteria to qualify the quality
and cost competitiveness of solar cooling systems
- D-B8: Report on validation of preselected best
practice examples
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Subtask C: Market support measures
Stephen D. White,
CSIRO, Australia
The work within this subtask is related to create a panel of measures
to support the market. These measures will use the results of Subtasks A
and B and will above all explore the possibilities to identify, rate and
verify the quality and performance of solar cooling solutions. The
resulting tools are intended to provide a framework that will enable
policy makers to craft suitable interventions (eg certificates, label
and contracting etc) that will support solar cooling on a level playing
field with other renewable energy technologies. Even if the completion
of these tools will not be achieved rapidly, the subtask should permit
to initiate all and maybe conclude some of them.
For that purpose, the subtask is structured in the following way:
C1: Review of relevant international standards, rating and incentive
systems
A large number of government incentive programmes and industry
development programmes have been instituted in different jurisdictions,
to assist the renewable energy and building energy efficiency
industries. These programmes call up procedures for quantifying
benefits, rating effectiveness and achieving robust measurement and
verification. A database of relevant standards, processes and incentives
will be created and links to the needs of the solar heating and cooling
industry will be analysed. Gaps in current standards and quality
assessment processes will be identified.
C2: Methodology for performance assessment, rating and benchmarking
Methodologies will be developed in collaboration with the work
achieved in the B7 activity, and then used to quantify performance
and quality of (i) alternative air-conditioning and renewable energy
technologies and (ii) current solar air-conditioning systems. Low and
high performance bounds will be identified and benchmarked, along with
the factors that most influence high performance. Benchmarks will
be used to set a coherent rating framework depending on the local
conditions (climate, technology, application). This rating framework
will enable stakeholders to understand and set design criteria and
performance targets for performance based solutions. The rating
framework will also guide design requirements for prescriptive
solutions, and provide information for road mapping in activity D4.
C3: Selection and standardization of best practice solutions
From the past and present experience with small, medium and large
size solar air-conditioning systems, a reduced and documented set of
system design schemes and control schemes will be selected, which
exhibit favourable system operation in terms of optimised performance
and reliability. Initially, around 10 case study configurations will be
selected and used to define and standardise the engineering criteria
which lead to target reliability, efficiency and cost competitiveness.
High attention will be drawn to the standardisation of the system design
schemes and defining the constraints of applicability of these
standardised designs. In order to give support to planners and
installers a selection of proven system designs including hydraulic
schemes, will be detailed in the form of design guidelines for heating,
cooling and ventilation of commercial buildings,.
C4: Measurement and verification procedures
Building upon the work of the previous Task 38, minimum metering
requirements, processes and analysis procedures will be defined for
assessment of solar performance, in a manner suitable for (i)
performance based qualification and (ii) prescribed deemed energy saving
certification.
C5: Labeling possibilities investigation
This activity will be dedicated to the investigation on the creation
of a Solar cooling label itself or (more probable) on the creation of
specific Solar cooling extension(s) to existing �Green quality� labels
such as LEED or Green Building Council tools. This activity will be
mainly exploratory and should firstly make a full state of the art of
the labeling process which could welcome the solar cooling technology on
their scope. From these informations, investigations on how to integrate
them or even how to create an independent Solar Cooling Label will be
investigated and theorized if accurate.
C6: Collaboration with T45 for contracting models
This activity will develop contracting models for solar cooling
systems. For that purpose, a narrow collaboration will be established
with ongoing IEA SHC Task 45 on Large systems which will specifically
work on this topic but focusing on large district heating and cooling
systems. An extension of and selection of most accurate models will be
developed for Solar Thermally Driven Cooling and Heating systems.
C7: Certification process definition for small systems
This activity will be focusing on the development of a certification
process applied for small size solar cooling systems. The opportunity of
such an initiative ongoing in Australia will be an interesting case
study and all the work achieved in the subtasks A and B in addition to
other activities inside this subtask will give tools to reach a coherent
method to qualify the quality of the solar cooling systems : software
tool, minimum performance requirements and installation / O&M
methodology, etc� Through this example, an extension and generalisation
could be achieved towards other countries and other range of cooling
power.
Effort
Estimated effort is 3 to 12 person-months per Participant (country)
and 12 person-months for the Subtask Leader for the specific work for
Subtask Leadership for the whole duration of the Task.
Deliverables
- D-C1: Report and database of international
standards, rating and incentive systems relevant to
Solar Cooling
- D-C2: Rating framework developed with benchmarks for
qualifying solar cooling performance and quality
- D-C3: Selection and description of best practices
into standardized engineering requirements,
- D-C4: Minimum procedures developed for measurement
and verification
- D-C5: Report on labeling investigations,
- D-C6: Models of contracting for solar cooling
projects,
- D-C7: Report about the certification process for
small systems in Australia including generalization of
the methodology to potential other interested countries
and cooling power range.
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Subtask D: Dissemination and policy advice
Uli Jakob, Green
Chiller Association, Germany
The work in this subtask covers horizontal activities related to
subtasks A, B, and C. The objectives of this subtask are the
implementation of targeted promotion activities based on the collective
work results; production of dissemination material for external
communication; the implementation of knowledge transfer measures towards
the technical stakeholders; the development of instruments and their
provision for policy makers and the creation and promotion of
certification and standardization schemes. The subtask is structured as
follows:
D1: Web site
A website included into the IEA SHC portal will be established. This
website will profit from a lot of mirror sites present among the
participants of this Task, benefitting from their popularity to increase
the number of visualized pages.
This website will firstly present the Task results but it should
welcome as soon as possible the presentation of first results of
certification and/or Quality label tools.
If available within the end of the Task work, a draft of a public
database of labeled products will be presented in this website.
D2: Best Practices brochure
This activity is aimed at producing a High quality brochure
presenting the selected reduced number of Best practices. The length of
the document should be nearly of 30 pages. Firstly in pdf format, this
brochure will be printed out on demand of the participating countries as
well as translated into national languages.
It main focus will be to constitute a media support to disseminate on
the success stories available on solar cooling through several
fundamental criteria : reliability, efficiency/performance, cost
competitiveness.
D3: Simplified short brochure
A synthetic brochure will be produced so as to present the main
results of the Task. This brochure will have maximum 4 to 6 pages and
should underline what was the methodology used to progress on the
development of Quality procedures for solar cooling and what could be
the results on creation of tools for certification, labelling and policy
support. This brochure will be edited jointly by the Subtask Leader (Greenchiller)
and IEA SHC program.
D4: Guidelines for Roadmaps on Solar cooling
As a result of this work package and a summary of the whole Task
activities, a list of recommendations for policy options to develop the
industry will be published. This list will be structured so as to become
guidelines for roadmaps on solar cooling.
So as to organise it as well as possible, a review of existing
roadmaps on Solar Thermal technology will be done (Austria for example)
taking inspiration of their own methodology and approach but updating it
with Activities results and outputs. Beside, a review of the impact of
existing incentive schemes will be carried out. This review will be
closely linked to C1 activity but focussing on the efficiency of the
schemes for the development of the local market (increase of turnover,
improvement on quality of installations, ..).
These guidelines will include proposal for policy measures and how to
make their promotion towards the local and national policy makers. If
this activity leads to converging and coherent international policy
measures, there could be an interest to create a final common worldwide
roadmap for solar cooling, creating an added value to these guidelines.
D5: Updated specific training seminars adapted to the Quality
procedure
The result of this work package is the update of the existing
training material for installers and planners, already built during IEA
SHC Task 38. This update will be on the technical side (available
products, new components, etc..) but as well on the adaptation of the
content to the Quality procedure concept.
The overall set of training material will be divided into different
specific sets: one set for engineering companies, one for installers and
one for building owner/contractor/utility/decision maker.
The training material will permit then to organise seminars for each
targeted public in the interested participating countries.
D6: Outreach report
Customer and policy maker workshops
The task participants will organise at least once per year and in margin
of one of the Expert meetings a international workshop dedicated to the
policy makers and potential customers. This action will be organised
during international conferences (INTERSOLAR in Munich or Sustainable
Energy Week in Brussels for example) so as to touch important decision
makers on solar cooling (investors, distributors, ESCO�s, etc..). The
workshops will present the results of the work done in the Task and try
to constitute an important lobbying and promotion action. A mix and
marriage of R&D institutes and industry partners will make
presentations. The organisation of such workshops will be prepared by
building inside this activity sets of presentations on solar cooling
available for organisers. A list of contact in partnership with National
Professional associations (solar, chiller, air conditioning, ..)
will be built as well to create a useful database for organisers.
Industry workshops
The task participants will organise half a day national workshops
dedicated to the industrial players involved in the sector (solar
thermal manufacturers and installers, thermally driven cooling industry,
planners). This will happen preferably once a year and before fixed
experts meeting to as to test and make a feedback on the last
developments achieved inside the Task. Thanks to these events, a full
retrofit process will be achieved and this will permit to make
participate industry interested bodies without implicating them directly
and deeply inside the Task R&D work. Short report will have to be done
for each event.
Industry newsletters
For further dissemination of the achieved results of the R&D activities
a semi-annual electronic newsletter for the industrial players will be
published.
Evidence for policy actions
This activity will be aimed at organising evidence for policy / lobbying
actions to promote solar cooling : preparation of specific documents
(after identifying an or several efficient funding mechanism(s), an
existing scenario analysis tool provided by CSIRO could be used to
identify and optimise impact of evidence for policy actions),
networking, preparation of press release, creation of articles relating
the Task activity. Organisation of meetings with policy makers at
national levels.
Effort
Estimated effort is 6 to 18 person-months per Participant (country)
and 12 person-months for the Subtask Leader for the specific work for
Subtask Leadership for the whole duration of the Task.
Deliverables
- D-D1: Website dedicated to the Task
- D-D2: Best practices high quality brochure,
- D-D3: Simplified short brochure,
- D-D4: Guidelines for Roadmaps on Solar cooling,
- D-D5: Training activity:
- D5.1: Sets of training material
package
- D5.2: Training seminars feedback and
description report
- D-D6: Outreach report
- D6.1: Customer and policy maker
workshops,
- D6.2: Organising national industry
workshops, industry workshops in
national languages in participating
countries addressing target groups
(related to Experts meetings)
- D6.3: Publishing a semi-annual
e-newsletter for the industry
- D6.4 Report on lobbying actions
describing all the actions and their
impacts
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